11. Useful Standard Library

Grab-bag of batteries-included modules you’ll reach for frequently.

Answer:

collections: Provides advanced data structures like Counter (for counting hashable objects), defaultdict (a dictionary that provides a default value for missing keys), and deque (a double-ended queue).
datetime: For working with dates and times.
json: For parsing and generating JSON data.
os and pathlib: For interacting with the operating system and file paths.
random: For generating random numbers.
itertools: Building blocks for efficient loops, e.g., chain, cycle, groupby.
logging: Configurable application logging; prefer over print in real apps.
functools: Higher-order functions like lru_cache (memoization), partial (pre-fill arguments), and wraps (preserve metadata in decorators).
csv: Read and write CSV files interoperably.
statistics: Basic stats like mean, median, stdev.
contextlib: Tools for context managers, e.g., contextmanager, ExitStack, suppress.
re: Regular expressions for text parsing.
typing: Type hints like TypedDict, Protocol, Literal.